Since I wasn’t too happy with the work-energy chapter from the textbook I was using for class, I wrote my own version. Here it is. It’s my first draft, so let me know if you find any errors.
Oh, also I had to leave out a bunch of fun stuff to prevent it from being too long. I should probably break it into two chapters and add some stuff.
Here is a collection of stuff I’ve found online. These could be nice for physics projects or homework or blog posts–but what do I know? I’m really tempted to post questions or physics ideas, but I won’t.
Feel free to use these or not use them. They are really for me. You’re welcome, Future-Rhett.
Video captured the moment a road buckled and sent a car flying as a heatwave impacted Missouri on Sunday.
Note: This is a series of posts with my favorite physics labs. These labs are intended for the algebra-based college level course (but clearly could be adapted for other courses). Feel free to use this in a way that makes you happy.
Objective
This is the first lab of the course, so the goal is two part:
Practice with measurements and uncertainty.
Practice making graphs (linear graphs)
The graph thing might seem silly, but students need work on this and it’s used in pretty much every lab for the semester.
Measurementsand Uncertainty
Here is my version of this whole thing. VERY SHORT.
We like to measure stuff in physics – however, we can never measure stuff perfectly. One way to account for error in measurements is to include an uncertainty. Suppose I measure a length, it could be reported as L = 0.13 +/- 0.01 meters. This says the length is most likely between 0.12 and 0.14 meters.
There are three ways to get this uncertainty.
Approximation. If you can only record a value once (or repeating won’t give you anything new) then the best option is to just be a human and assign a reasonable value. The uncertainty can’t be smaller than half the smallest division on your measuring device.
Standard deviation. If you can repeat the measurements, you can calculate the average and the standard deviation. The standard deviation would be the uncertainty. Note: make sure you get at least 5 values or you will just be kidding yourself.
Calculation. If you want to get the area of a table, you measure the length and width and then calculate the area. This means you will have to calculate the uncertainty also. You can do this with the “crank three times” method. Use your uncertainties to find the smallest and largest possible values. The uncertainty is then halfway between these values.
Here is a short lecture on measurements.
Now for some practice.
Take an aluminum block (or really any block). Find the volume and density with uncertainty.
Reaction time. Take a ruler and hold in vertically near another human’s fingers. Drop it and measure how far it falls before it is caught. Repeat 10 times, get the average and standard deviation.
Graphing
In physics, we like to build models. If the model is expressed as an equation, what better way to show the model is legit than to make a linear graph. OK, let’s just get to it. Here is a quick tutorial on graphing.
Now for some practice. Find a bunch of circular objects of different size (at least 4 different sizes). Measure both the circumference and diameter. Now create a plot of circumference (vertical axis) vs. diameter (horizontal axis) and find the slope. Recall that we have the following relationship:
“The circle is now complete. When I left you, I was but the learner. Now I am the master.”
That’s what Darth Vader said when he encountered Obi-Wan Kenobi in Star Wars Episode IV. This is how I feel about our Mathematical Methods course. I remember taking an undergraduate course AND a graduate version. I was clearly “but the learner”. Now, I am ready to be full master. I’m not even going to use a textbook (because none of them really fit the course).
Instead of a textbook, I’m going to list my topics for this course (along with any resources that I have). If you like, you can think of this blog post as my textbook. Oh, but it’s a living textbook. I’m going to modify this throughout the semester to match what’s going on in class.
OK, let’s get to it. Oh, most of these links are videos.
PHYSICS! Now that I have your attention, let’s go over the important points. I’m currently an associate professor of physics at a public university. But wait! That’s not all. I’m also a blogger at WIRED and Medium along with videos on youtube (Dot Physics). Oh, there’s Instagram too.
Oh, you want to reach me to ask a physics question or suggest a blog topic or share a cool video? Maybe you want me to give a talk (that’s possible) or media inquires or maybe some science (or sci-fi) consulting? Here’s my email: rhettallain AT gmail DOT com.
Photo: Rhett Allain. STEM Fest at Southeastern Louisiana University
It’s something the we do every once and a while. There will be some event for middle to high school students that has something to do with science. So, the department (Chemistry and Physics) will set up some type of demo stations for the kids. Usually some of our physics and chemistry majors are in charge of interacting with the younger kids. It’s a great opportunity for our majors.
But there are some demos that work well and some that don’t work so great. Recently we participated in STEM Fest. Basically a whole bunch of “vendors” set up tables for kids to come by and see science stuff (Science Technology Engineering Math). With that, you want a demo that can meet the following conditions:
Relatively easy to set up (no particle accelerators).
Visually attractive to normal humans. Something that could be seen from a distance that a person might say “hey, what’s that? Let’s check it out”.
Has some type of explanation that can at least START a discussion about science. Hopefully something that our chemistry and physics majors could use to engage in a conversation.
It would be nice if it could engage multiple (maybe like 5-10) kids at one time.
With that in mind, I want to go over the stuff we used (and some things I saw other tables using) and talk about how well they worked. In a future post (or multiple posts) I would like to give a more detailed description of each demo with key ideas for our students to use in when starting a conversation.
Liquid Nitrogen Balloons
Photo: Rhett Allain. Chemistry major pulling a balloon out of liquid nitrogen.
Fortunately, we often have left over liquid nitrogen in our department. This demo could be anything—but we normally take a bunch of balloons and stuff them into the cold liquid so that they shrink. When you pull them out, they expand. It’s very visual and quick to perform. You can also put some liquid nitrogen in a styrofoam cup and let student blow air onto it. This cause the cold air in the cup to move and make water vapor (plus they can feel it).
Overall, this is a pretty good demo. It was a big hit at STEM Fest. Really, the only bad thing is that you need liquid nitrogen. If you don’t have that, then you don’t have anything. In terms of setup, we did bring the large dewar of liquid nitrogen, so that’s a little bit of a pain—but the balloons are small and cheap.
Dry Ice Bubbles
Photo: Rhett Allain. Chemistry student making bubbles with dry ice.
I really didn’t pay too much attention to this demo. I think it’s a flask with dry ice connected to a tube with a funnel on the end. When you dip the funnel into soap, the expanding carbon dioxide fills the balloon. Simple.
This looks easy to setup, but it didn’t draw as big of a crowd as the liquid nitrogen. But it’s so easy to do that it seems like a nice one to include.
Concave Mirror
Photo: Rhett Allain. Concave mirror plus an LCD monitor without the polarization screen.
We have this large parabolic mirror. My intention was that kids could use this to project an image onto a piece of paper (I made a small frame to hold tracing paper). But you can also just look at it and see a real image of your hand (it looks like you can grab your own image).
This should always be included with demos. It’s super easy to set up. You just need to put it where people can see and they will often figure out their own demos to do with it. The screen projection didn’t really work—you need some type of very bright source to make a projection.
I would like to make one modification to this setup. If there was some kind of marker (like a ring stand) at the appropriate location for the viewing location, it would be easier to see how to grab your hand image. That seems easy to set up.
Polarized Light and an LCD Monitor
I have an older LCD monitor with a the front polarizer removed (a student did this for me a while ago). There’s a large (external) polarizer. When students hold this up, you can see the image on the monitor. Without the external polarizer, it’s just a white screen. Oh, I’m running an old Apple TV with a screen saver to produce an image.
Again, this is pretty easy to setup (assuming you have electrical power). It’s not super appealing from a large distance, but when kids get up close they seemed to enjoy it.
Chemistry Gak
I didn’t have anything to do with this demo (you know, chemistry). Basically, kids come by and mix together stuff to make gak (a type of fun putty or something). The kids like it, but they have to sit down for a moment to make the stuff. You could probably do about 3-4 students at a time.
You can’t really see this demo from far away. A human would have to decide to go up to the table to figure out what’s going on. Also, it requires a bunch of supplies to be carried into the event. However, in the end the kids get something to take away (the gak). We always do this one.
Vacuum Bag
We didn’t do this one, but I saw another group use it. The idea is to take a human and put them in a large plastic bag (with their head sticking out). Then you use a vacuum cleaner (or pump) to remove the air from the bag. The atmospheric air pressure then locks the person in place and they can’t move.
It’s a great demo, but not really for large crowds. It takes a few minutes for a person to work through the demo and other people can just observe. Also, it sort of scares me. A kid could get freaked out or have trouble breathing. Even worse, they might try this one on their own and do it wrong (and dangerous).
OK, there are more demos—but those are the ones we used recently. Next time we have an event, I will add any new stuff we used.
At the end of each semester, I like to think about what worked and didn’t quite work for each of my classes. In this case, it’s the dreaded summer session (yes, it’s very intense). I had 2 introductory physics lecture courses and two labs.
The summer session takes place from the beginning of June to the end of July. Lecture courses meet Monday-Thursday for 1 hour and 15 minutes. Labs meet every other day (twice a week for both) for 2 hours.
The enrollment this summer was way lower than previous years. Actually, last year dropped from the previous years also. I’m not sure there will be enough demand for these courses next year (which means I will need to find something else to do).
For the lecture courses, we use College Physics 5th ed (Giambattista). We have an agreement with the publisher to use the online version of the textbook along with their online homework (both of which mostly suck in my humble opinion). Oh, the textbook is OK—just not the ONLINE version.
Algebra-Based Intro Physics
These are our introductory algebra-based physics courses. The students in the course are mostly biology, engineering technology, industrial technology, and kinesiology.
Physics 1 (it’s not actually called that). This course covers forces, energy, momentum, and torque (maybe angular momentum also). It’s pretty much your standard first semester physics.
I did make chapter summary videos (which I think are fairly nice). Here is my video playlist with the summaries and sample problems (playlist).
Physics 2. The second semester of physics traditionally covers electric fields, magnetic fields, DC circuits, AC circuits, light, optics. Personally, this course is a bit of a train wreck. We try to teach all these awesome things (electric and magnetic fields and their relationship) but without the calculus to back it up. In the end, the textbook just becomes a series of equations that might as well just be magic incantations of physics. I sort of hate it.
My goal for Physics 2 was to transform it into more of a physical science type of course with added calculations. I figured that it would be better to look at a wider range of ideas and include an emphasis on energy and power (real world stuff). I would love to rewrite the curriculum to focus on this, but of course I didn’t have enough time before the semester started.
So, as a compromise (with myself) I ended up with the following:
Electric field / electric potential – just the very basics. I didn’t do any weird stuff that requires unit vectors for the electric field.
DC circuits. Again, nothing crazy in terms of solving circuits.
Magnetic fields and forces. You are pretty limited here in terms of calculations. I just did loops and straight wires.
Faraday’s law and stuff.
Light and electromagnetic waves.
Optics
At the end I included a lot of fun stuff in astronomy (the students liked that).
Here are my chapter summaries and sample problems (playlist).
Let’s talk about grading. Normally, I would give short in-class standards and allow students to submit video reassessments. However, this semester I decided to JUST do video reassessments since the classes were small. Oh, I don’t know if that was a good idea or not. But I did it.
There was also assigned homework problems from the book. Students worked these out on paper and uploaded images to google classroom (which works great)—I then grade them manually. Of course, I mostly just gave full credit for the HW but they aren’t worth many points. I like the HW grade because it gives students some structure in their study schedule. This way, they have an idea of what and when they should understand some stuff.
There was also a final exam. I don’t know if this was the best idea since they didn’t have any other in-class assessments, but it was there. Some students scored quite well on the exams but others did very not well.
Other random thoughts:
In the past, I have required students to do some type of numerical calculation (it doesn’t have to be with python). I didn’t do that this semester—although I did go over this quite a few times in class.
I love speed dating problem solving (where students work on problems in different groups). However, with such low numbers in class it was rather difficult to get this to work.
For the start of most classes, I liked to show some interesting application or real world example of physics. These were fun for me, but I think the students liked them also. Maybe I will put together a list of the start topics.
Oh, during the first week of class I was out of two for 3 days (APS conference). Originally, I was going to have someone cover for me but that fell through. Instead, I just posted some online lectures and practice problems. This is not a great way to start the semester.
Before the semester, there were students that asked about an online class. I think this is a terrible idea (from a learning perspective). However, a chemistry had an online version of the course this summer and enrollment was huge.
For the future, I would like to start fresh in terms of curriculum. That’s my plan at least.
Physics Lab
There are two labs that go along with the two intro physics courses. I sort of messed these up this semester.
Since the summer schedule is brutal, I decided to split each lab into two days. For the first meeting, I would show them a all the physics and equipment. The second day would focus on “project” day where the students would create their own lab experiment to use for a write up. I told them they could work online with some material if they liked. The emphasis here was on creative and real-world labs.
Honestly, there were some students that did some awesome stuff. I was super impressed. Other students used the project day to just skip the first lab day and do the most basic lab that I suggested (disappointing). The lab report were mostly uninspiring (except for a few shining stars).
For my Intro Physics course (algebra-based), I created video summaries for each chapter. These are created to accompany College Physics (Giambattista 5th ed – McGraw Hill).
Here are the videos for the first semester (mechanics):